About 110 children in the Netherlands are diagnosed with blood cancer B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) each year. There have been huge improvements in treatment over the last 50 years and nine in every ten children diagnosed will now be cured. For those whose leukemia does not respond to treatment, much hope has been placed on new immunotherapies, like antibody and immune cell-based treatments, such as CAR T-cells.
However, doctors have seen that some leukemias can evade immune therapies by stopping the production of the cell surface proteins which these therapies target, or even by switching to become a different type of blood cancer against which these new treatments don’t work. Children whose leukemia has a change in the MLL gene especially are at a higher risk of their cancer coming back after treatment.
Chameleon cancer switch unraveled
Scientists from the Princess Máxima Center, together with Newcastle University and the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, have now revealed one of the mechanisms explaining how these so-called ‘chameleon cancers’ change their appearance and identity. The results of their study were published today in the prestigious journal Blood.
The team analyzed tumor DNA of twelve children and adults diagnosed with ALL, whose leukemia showed a particular change in the MLL gene. They found that a number of on-off switches were changed, altering the read-out of the DNA and enabling the leukemia cells to evade treatment.
Prof. Heidenreich, research group leader at the Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology and co-lead of the study: ‘When ALL cells switch their identity, the leukemia becomes extremely difficult to treat. The fact that we now understand what the drivers of this switch are has important implications for our understanding of disease development but also the response of a child to therapy. This may enable us to identify the children who are at greatest risk of relapse and gives us the opportunity to adjust and personalize their treatment.’
Dr Simon Bomken, MRC Clinician Scientist and Honorary Consultant at Newcastle University and co-lead author of the paper explains: ‘ALL cells carrying this chromosomal rearrangement have long been known to be able to relapse as a different type of blood cancer, acute myeloid leukemia (AML). By studying these switched MLL/AF4 leukemias we showed that the switch can happen in blood cells throughout different stages of development in the bone marrow. Importantly, the switch can be a result of additional genetic changes that can be caused by chemotherapy itself. As a consequence, some leukemias completely “re-programme” themselves and switch identity from one cell type to another.’
Professor Constanze Bonifer, Chair of Experimental Haematology at the University of Birmingham’s Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences said: 'Our findings from leukaemia patients that have seen this rare switching occur are encouraging. As research progresses it may be possible to find treatments that will prevent this type of switching, and the process will also help further studies to identify where other cancers show similar behaviour.'
Prof Heidenreich: ‘Our study on cancer cell identity switching behavior is a good example of how important international collaboration and persistence is in scientific research. Childhood cancer is a rare disease and this specific form is even rarer it is of great importance to collect and combine data from different locations.’
The project was funded by Cancer Research UK, Blood Cancer UK, the Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund and KiKa.